Solid liquid separation

NoMix Toilet

Here’s a news item to make you flush with excitement, or at the very least, make your toes curl. According to a forthcoming report in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology, the Swiss are getting in a lather about a new “NoMix” toilet that does what all good chemists have been able to do for generations – separate their solids from their liquids. The new loo is an environmentally improved approach to spending a penny and could substantially reduce pollution problems and conserve water and energy, say the study’s authors.

The NoMix toilet collects urine separately from, ahem, solid matter. Although urine represents only 1% of domestic wastewater, it typically contains 80 percent of the nitrogen and 50% of the phosphorus in sewage.

Judit Lienert and Tove Larsen checked public attitudes toward NoMix toilets in surveys done at a Swiss school and a Swiss research institute. They found high acceptance of the toilet, with large majorities of people expressing favourable attitudes toward the toilet. That was true even though one version of the device requires men to sit to urinate.

The researchers cite the importance of involving users in the introduction of new environmental technology, especially technology that requires the kind of behavioral changes essential with NoMix toilets.

Sit a spell and read the full paper here.

Chemical Structure of Avenacoside B

Structure of Avenacoside B

Polish student Marcin Mielecki emailed to ask where he might find a 3D, as opposed to 2D, structure for the compound Avenacoside B. A very quick Google brought me almost immediately to this page (by searching for “avenacoside b mol file”: http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?cpd+C08888, which provides the flat molecular structure and a link to the MDL mol file for this molecule. If Marcin has Chime or another mol reader installed in his browser clicking that link will spawn the 3D structure he requires. It’s also in Pubchem of course.

Marcin’s research focuses on the biological role of the avenacosides, which are steroidal saponins from Avena sativa.

A hearty approach to female sexual dysfunction

Heart drugs are proving rather useful to pharma companies hoping to find lucrative treatments of another kind of disorder, that maybe involves the heart, but mostly involves the loins.

A heart drug that went into clinical trials in the 1990s has become the linchpin for efforts to develop a medication to treat female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD), researchers are reporting. An estimated 40 percent of women have FSAD or another form of female sexual dysfunction, the difficulty or inability to find satisfaction in sexual expression.

Compounds that sustain the activity of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are a major target of drug research efforts. VIP controls blood flow to the vagina, and decreased blood flow is believed to be one factor in female sexual dysfunction. VIP is degraded in the body by several enzymes, including an enzyme called NEP. Blocking NEP thus allows VIP to continue working.

David Pryde and colleagues at Pfizer in the UK (the company that brought us Viagra) began work with Candoxatril, a powerful NEP inhibitor tested in the 1990s for chronic heart failure. By re-engineering Candoxatril’s molecular structure, they developed a compound with the key actions needed for an FSAD drug.

The new compound blocks NEP, takes effect rapidly, and continues having an effect for a relatively short time. “The compound demonstrates excellent efficacy in a rabbit model of sexual arousal and was expected to be similarly efficacious in humans,” the researchers state in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. The compound is undergoing clinical evaluation as a potential treatment for FSAD.

Punched while drunk

alcohol consumption

It’s usually fairly easy to justify even the most esoteric of scientific research in terms of improving our fundamental understanding of the universe etc etc. But, when a press release pops up announcing that drinking [alcohol] can be dangerous and that “People who drink alcohol are up to four times more likely than non-drinkers to be hurt from physical injuries such as a fall or punch…” you begin to wonder about your convictions. Apparently, this astounding discovery was made by researchers at the University of Queensland, Australia, who found that, “any alcohol consumption quadrupled the risk of injury for the first six hours after drinking alcohol and this risk remained at 2.5 times that of a non drinker for the next 24 hours.”

Do you have to have had a drink to be punched, I guess the inhibition inhibiting effects of alcohol can make some people say more provocative things that might offend someone and land them in a fight, but what about someone having a few “tinnies” alone in an armchair watching Aussie soap opera Neighbours or listening to Kylie? Are they more likely to suffer an injury or more weirdly get punched.

Some people might say that if they’re really watching Neighbours or listening to Kylie they deserve all they get, but Kerianne Watt earned her PhD for also discovering that, “people who sustained serious injuries were more likely to have consumed beer and have been drinking in a licensed premises” and “Binge drinkers were more at risk of being injured than regular drinkers”.

“My findings suggest that it’s not a property of the beverage that increases aggression and risk of injury, it’s more a personality characteristic that is attracted to a certain type of alcohol,” Watt says.

I suppose the research can be justified in terms of understanding the nature of alcohol abuse and how it relates to injury rates and it probably is quite useful to know what kinds of drink are most associated with injury, but strewth this still feels like this should have been published in the Australian Journal of the Bleedin Obvious (Aus J Bleed Obv), don’t you think?

You can read the complete press release here.

No plaice like home

flat fish plaice

The slime that covers the flat-fish plaice contains an antimicrobial agent that kills Staphylococcus aureus, the bacteria causing concern in hospitals across the globe as its drug-resistant strains spread.

Chemical engineer Trude Tvete of Nord-Trondelag University College (HiNT) in Norway, has developed a technique for extracting the antimicrobial protein from plaice slime and has tested its biological activity against several types of bacteria. “Previous research has shown that plaice slime kills bacteria, but it didn’t show which substance breaks the bacteria,” says Tvete. “I found that there is a protein in the slime that has the greatest effect.”

Read on…

Pyridine joins the supersonic set

pyridine structure

The pyridine chemical group, basically a benzene ring in which one of the six carbons and its attendant hydrogen atom have been swapped for a nitrogen atom, is one of the building blocks of a vast number of biological molecules and is a crucial component in the functionality of an almost as expansive selection of pharmaceuticals. As such, understanding its chemistry and physical properties are important in a fundamental way to the chemical and life sciences.
Now, chemists Yoshinori Nibu, Ryosuke Marui, and Hiroko Shimada of Fukuoka University, in Japan, have used infra-red spectroscopy to sniff out important new clues as to this aromatic compound’s behaviour.

You can read the full story in the first August edition of my science news round-up for spectroscopyNOW.com

Light Harvest for the World

In order to trap the energy from sunlight antenna plants construct chlorophyll groups through chemical self-assembly in a highly ordered manner. Emulating this system would not only improve our understanding of how plants function so effectively but could also lead to new materials for harvesting solar energy as an alternative to silicon-based photovoltaic devices.

Researchers have exploited long-range chemical order to creating aggregate compounds that can either trap light or transfer energy. Now, Tsutomu Ishi-i and Shuntaro Mataka of the Kurume National College of Technology and their colleagues have synthesised a new type of light harvester and by incorporating different materials into the aggregate structure they can induce energy transfer too. UV-Vis spectroscopy and other techniques were used to reveal the details of this novel group of artificial self-assembling light-harvesting compounds that will help us understand plant photosynthesis and may eventually lead to an alternative to semiconductor-based solar panels.

I offer a light report via SpectroscopyNOW

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Water waste

Water is commonly known as the universal solvent because it dissolves more substances than other compounds. But, water is commonly known as an enigmatic substance too, with many properties that seem at first glance paradoxical and others that chemists are yet to explain. Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory hoped to learn more about how ions interact with mineral surfaces in water and have used X-ray studies to open the door on understanding how contaminants travel in the environment.

Ions, ranging from nutrients such as calcium to contaminants such as lead, are present in natural waters across the globe. Their transportation through the environment is often controlled by the degree of adsorption to mineral surfaces. Understanding the adsorption and desorption processes involved could lead to new ways of controlling water quality.

Get the full story here.