You Are a Monkey

Do you think of yourself as more than a monkey? I say monkey, but of course I mean ape, and so do the guys who made this video…but as they point out, monkey, ape, are just words to try and elevate the position in the universe of the monkey that happens to have the biggest and most well connected brain. I suspect Richard Dawkins would enjoy this video. It really does tell it like it is:

Check out this post for a brief review of Dawkins’ latest book, The God Delusion, and his interview with Paxman on Life, the Universe, and Teapots.

Sciencebase wants your blog

A couple of the recent additions to the Sciencebase science links were research-based blogs rather than the more familiar commentary type (like this one). The chat and waffle sites can be informative and entertaining but sites like the Usefulchem blog are more, well…useful, providing as they do insights into the processes of scientific research and potential offering new solutions through discussion. So, if you’re a scientist running a research-type blog, please get in touch. If there’s enough interest, I’ll create a separation links section dedicated to total syntheses, telescopic adjustments, physical fine-tuning and other research matters.

Please send your links in by email or add a comment to this post.

Richard Hammond Explodes (Microwave Ovens) Again

Probably a really, really good idea to take Brainiacs presenter Richard Hammond’s advice NOT TO TRY THIS AT HOME. The Brainiacs team set up two microwave ovens and stuffed in all the stuff they’d already tested in microwave ovens on previous shows (as a serious experiment so that you don’t have to do it at home). Beer, CDs, soap, petrol, champagne, wire wool and much more leads to some pretty lights and them some serious damage.

Are we running out of oil

Are we running out of oil? It’s a question that has vexed drivers the world over since the first major oil crisis three decades ago. Oil experts have been telling us for years that supplies are dwindling and that within another few decades the petrochemical legacy left by ancient life will have all but gone.

But, Eric Cheney economic geologist at the University of Washington thinks this notion is nonsense. “The most common question I get is, ‘When are we going to run out of oil,’ he says, “The correct response is, ‘Never!'” He says that there might come a point when we are paying $100 a gallon, that’s gallon, not barrel, but, he says, changing economics, technological advances and efforts such as recycling and substitution make the world’s mineral resources virtually infinite.

Is that a reasonable assumption? Recycling isn’t going to save us, it costs energy, and unless we have some kind of renewable power to drive the recycling “machines” that is almost always going to fall short of 100% efficiency and leave us with a net loss.

However, he does have a point about untapped oil deposits. Forty years ago, the technology did not exist to extract oil from tar sands, for instance, and organic matter or coal is now worth manufacturing. Of course, processing costs will rise, but that’s the price we will pay to drive our vehicles and power our industries.

“Mineral resources are vitally important to our industrial and service economy,” Cheney says, but speaking at the Geological Society of America annual meeting this weekend in collaboration with Andrew Buddington of Spokane Community College he will point out that gas prices today, adjusted for inflation, are about what they were in the early 20th century. Today’s prices seem inordinately high, he said, because crude oil was at an extremely low price, $10 a barrel, just eight years ago and now fetches around $58 a barrel and has been as high as $78.

As major economies, such as those in China and India, develop and are on the verge of greater demand for mineral resources because of increasing road use, he said, it is an opportune time for universities to train a new crop of resource geologists who can understand the challenges and help find solutions. He believes that popular but misguided notions about mineral resources might be hampering students from entering the field.

So that’s alright then. We can carry on pumping out exhaust gases to the contentment of our cars and concreting the countryside as long as we teach our students how to reach the unreachable.

American ice

A press release arrived yesterday from the American Chemical Society that said, “Japanese scientists have reported the discovery of an additive that can speed up the formation of methane hydrates, literally ice that burns.”

Literally ice that burns?

I know what they mean, but it’s not literally ice that burns is it? That would be a mythical substance composed of flammable frozen water, surely?

Anyway, these not-literally-ice-that-burns materials have some interesting properties not least because they could act as a potential new energy resource to boulster apparently dwindling fossil fuel supplies. Methane hydrates are found in vast natural deposits beneath the seafloor in coastal areas of the United States and certain other parts of the world. Estimates suggest that known hydrate deposits contain enough natural gas to meet demand for centuries. Of course, the carbon-containing component of methane hydrates is one of the most potent greenhouse gases we know, and climatologists have serious concerns about the release of vast quantities into the atmosphere as frozen stores begin to melt as global temperatures rise.

So, an additive to speed up their formation might be useful in helping us sequester enormous volumes of greenhouse gases.

But, how does this sit with the idea of using the stored methane in natural reserves as an alternative to other natural gas sources? Burning this aqueous methane will release its carbon content just as readily as burning methane without the aq. We’ll be able to propel our vehicles and heating our homes, of course, but we’ll be adding just as much carbon to the atmosphere as we would otherwise do with fossil fuel sources. With the added problem of having to build energy-intensive manufacturing plants to synthesise the “additive” to help is produce methane hydrates for burial at sea.

It just doesn’t add up. Faced with a putatively worsening greenhouse trend and dwindling fuel supplies, shouldn’t we be looking for sustainable energy resources that neither add to our carbon emissions nor require us to find complex routes to lock them down?

I guess the methane hydrate factory could be powered by wind turbines and solar cells, but that’s not the point is it?

Darwin online

charles-darwin

The world of online publishing continues to evolve and today marks a new landmark with the release on to the web of the complete works of one of history’s greatest scientists, Charles Darwin.

Every book, journal entry, and letter amounting to some 50,000 searchable pages and around 40,000 images from his original publications are now available to everyone with web access for free within a few mouseclicks.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) revolutionized our understanding of life on earth and Darwin Online will revolutinize many people’s understanding of Darwin as well as bringing his findings to a much wider audience. The site represents the largest collection of his work ever assembled and allows users to search the complete text as well as view images of the original manuscripts in parallel. There are many documents that all but the keenest Darwin scholar will never have seen, including many previously unpublished transcriptions from his handwritten papers including the field notes from his seminal trip to the Galapagos islands.

Moss side analysis

Rhynchostegium riparioidesA bag of moss lying in an irrigation ditch in North East Italy does not conjure up a picturesque image nor the cutting edge of analytical science but nevertheless the special characteristics of the moss Rhynchostegium riparioides make it the ideal environmental monitor according to researchers at the University of Trieste and their colleagues at ARPAV.

Waterways are often intermittently polluted by metals from industrial outflows and other sources. Such waterways are often used in rural parts for agricultural irrigation. The phenomenon is frequent in the Veneto Region of Northeast Italy, according to biologists M. Cesa, F. Fumagalli, and Pier Nimis at Trieste and Alessandro Bizzotto and C. Ferraro of the Vicenza ARPAV Italy.

You can read the complete story in my SpectroscopyNOW news round-up this week.

Entanglement

NIST physicists have taken a step towards making entanglement, the quantum phenomenon Einstein referred to as “spooky action at a distance” – into a practical tool.

The team demonstrated a method for refining entangled atom pairs (a process called purification) so they might be used in quantum computers, communications systems with potentially “unbreakable” data encryption, and highly accurate atomic clocks.

The research reported in today’s issue of Nature marks the first time atoms have been both entangled and subsequently purified. This had only been done before with entangled photons. The new experiment entangles two pairs of atoms but measures only one pair.

According to NASA, Einstein never liked entanglement as it seemed to run counter to the central tenet of his theory of relativity that nothing, not even information, could travel faster than the speed of light. Because it is possible to prepare two particles in a single quantum state so that when one is particle is observed, the other will be observed simultaneously to be in the complimentary state and vice versa. As a result, measurements performed on one system seem to be instantaneously influencing other systems with which it is entangled.

However, although two entangled systems appear to interact even though they are separated no useful “information” can be transmitted in this way, which means causality is not compromised and Einstein’s theory remains intact.

Resistance is not futile

Platensimycin antibioticAs antibiotics fall to bacterial resistance one by one, it is essential that medicinal chemists keep ahead of the game by finding compounds with new modes of attack. Recently a new antibiotic, platensimycin has been found to act potently through a novel mechanism. Now, US chemists have devised a total synthesis for this unique compound and tracked their progress using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy.

You can read the full story on how Scripps chemist KC Nicolaou and his colleagues have devised a total synthesis of this molecule that could be used as the starting point for manufacturing a new class of antibiotics.

More…

Elemental discoveries

Researchers at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia, Russia’s Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, have announced new indirect evidence of element 118 in the journal Phys Rev C.

Previously, the LBNL retracted its 1999 claims of having found element 118 because of reproducability issues. (They couldn’t make it again, in other words). It turned out that one of the team had been fabricating lab-book entries.

However, experiments conducted at the JINR U400 cyclotron between February and June 2005, produced atomic decay chains that establish the existence of element 118. In these decay chains, previously observed element 116 is produced via the alpha decay of element 118. The details will be published in the October 2006 edition of the journal, Physical Review C and we’ll have a more complete report later.