Spring Moths

I’m slowly seeing new moths to my actinic light trap as the spring surges forward, a new one or two each day now. But, one of the stalwarts of the British mothing world posts to the major Facebook mothing group how he had almost 300 different moths to his trap, with 50+ species new for the year. I’m not sure I could cope and certainly wouldn’t be able to identify from memory all of the ones he cited.

My “haul” from last night was a lot more modest but interesting nevertheless…and manageable:

Shuttle-shaped Dart (7)
Male Muslin moths (3)
Double-striped Pug (2)
Brimstone
Hebrew Character
Common Plume
Waved Umber
The Mullein
Pebble Prominent
Nutmeg
Spectacle

Recent moths new to my “list” for the year, so I’d never seen before.

Waved Umber
The Mullein
The Nutmeg
The Spectacle
Pebble Prominent
Sallow Kitten
Chinese Character
Scorched Carpet
Pebble Hook-tip

Emperor in the house

You will have spotted by now, my current fixation on the Emperor moth, Saturnia pavonia. It’s Britain’s only resident member of the Saturniidae family (related to the Silkworm moth). I have a pheromone lure that has some (6Z,11Z)-hexadeca-6,11-dien-1-yl acetate on it, which I bought from Anglian Lepidopterist Supplies. UPDATE: As of 2023, fifth season of checking on this species in our neighbourhood, still present and showing.

Male Emperor moth, Saturnia pavonia
Male Emperor moth, Saturnia pavonia

It took me a while to track down the name of that sex pheromone, exuded by the less colourful, night-flying females, to attract the colourful, day-flying males. I had photographed one or two on the wing but used a homemade butterfly net to catch the specimen you see above. I let it chill out in a pot for a few minutes to get a nice snap showing all of his pareidoliac eyes and his enormous pheromone-detecting antennae without him flapping about.

He’s back in the wild now looking for true love rather than olfactory moth porn. Neither the male nor the female has mouthparts, so they cannot eat, they get all their energy from reserves built up when they were larvae (caterpillars) eating heather or brambles. They have to get it together as soon as they can during the flight time of April to May.

Now, who said moths were grey and dowdy? This is surely the most photogenic moth in the UK.

Not much about

It’s always amusing to hear someone say “there’s not much about” when you’re working your way through a nature reserve. Depends on what you mean by not much…I only saw the following at RSPB Ouse Fen this morning:

Willow Warbler
Chiffchaff
White Throat
Blackcap, Swallow
Sandmartins
Chaffinch
House Sparrow
Rook
Carrion Crow

Greylag Geese and Goslings

Green Woodpecker
Buzzard
Marsh Harrier
Kestrel
Bittern
Great Black-backed Gull
Lesser Black-backed Gull
Black-headed Gull
Mallard

Male Marsh Harrier

Tufted Duck
Greylag Geese (and goslings)
Mute Swan
Grey Heron
Little Egret
Cormorant
Coot
Wigeon
Moorhen
Wood Pigeon
Stock Dove
Bearded Reedling
Reed Bunting
Linnet
Meadow Pipit
Snipe
Green Sandpiper
Skylark
Goldfinch
Sedge Warbler
Cetti’s Warbler

Small Tortoiseshell

Mayfly
Hoverfly
European Peacock
Small Tortoiseshell
Brimstone
Small White
Large White
Ladybird
Various Bumblebees, flies, and other flying insects

Male Bearded Reedling

I think that’s all…not much about at all. Admittedly, the person who said it was cycling…

Sex pheromone for an Emperor

I made a rookie research error. Saturnia pavonia, the Emperor Moth, was previously known as Pavonia pavonia, and in my search for the chemical identity of its sex pheromone (which is in the moth lure I mentioned previously) I’d assumed these were its only names. But, apparently, it was also known as Eudia pavonia.

Once I’d realised this, a scientific literature search quickly found a paper discussing the moth’s sex pheromone: (Z)-6,(Z)-11-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate. This is closely related to another chemical gossyplure, a 1:1 mixture of the (Z,E) and (Z,Z) isomers of hexadeca-7,11-dien-1-yl-acetate. That chemical is used commercially to lure cotton-infesting moths to traps to reduce breeding of different species Pectinophora gossypiella.

So, with the systematic name, I could get the InChI string from one converter and then generate a chemical structure, so here it is together with the male moth I photographed, which is attracted to this chemical:

Allotment Life, hashtag: #AllotmentLife

Some of the more astute among you may have spotted the occasional recent allusion to our acquisition of an allotment…well half an allotment to be precise, with a shed. For years, we had been toying with the idea of taking on an allotment, the site is just five minutes walk from our house, it’s almost a peppercorn rent, and it’s safe from the dog digging up seedlings and eating the veg.

So, back in February, I contacted the chair of the local charity that manages the allotments and as spring rolled on, got a reply from the trustee in charge of assigning them. We took a look at a possible “quarter” plot on 4th April, it had been sprayed with weedkiller it looked like a lot of work, but would be fun to take on.

Of course, as soon as we went back to start the arduous tasks of digging it over, we realised that we needed to take on the full half so that we’d have the shed attached to that half plot. And so it is that we’re paying double the peppercorn rent, which is still just two peppercorns, but have a half plot to grow on it whatever we fancy and a shed to keep a couple of camping chairs in for when we’ve finished weeding and feel we’ve earned a rest, maybe with a couple of beers or a flask of tea.

Before we started digging over the plot, we salvaged a chunk of rhubarb and what looked like a raspberry plant. Then it was down to the business of raking off all the dead couch grass, thistles, and other weeds and turning over the soil to a depth of our spade. I reckon I’ve spent 5 hours doing that task by now and have aching muscles I didn’t know I had. It now looks like a plot into which the seedlings I’ve seeded at home might ultimately be transplanted. Seeds for beetroot, beans, courgettes, and some squash courtesy of Roger the bassist in C5 the band. Meanwhile, the digging turned up maybe half a dozen moth pupae, I feel guilty that I didn’t bring them home to raise to adults. Maybe more will turn up with the next digging session.

We’ve also put in a few sunflower seeds at one end and some freesia corms, just for the glamour. Doug, great name for an allotmenteer gave me some onion sets, and they’re now in two rows. Mrs Sciencebase dug out some of the (wild) strawberry plants from our garden at home where they were doing very little and they now have their own protected bed.

Meanwhile, we cleaned up a patch that seemed to have some surviving fruit plants, which Cliff, our allotment neighbour, reckoned might be three or four different species, but they mostly look like raspberries. I dug over and cleaned up a 2x4m patch closer to the shed to seed with California poppies, Ox-Eye Daisies and spread a few pellets – bat mix and butterfly mix – from the kind folks at Seedball, whom I mentioned the other day.

We cleared out the shed and salvaged some fish bone meal, which I used to fertilize the aforementioned onion sets, there were lots of spikes and canes and compost bags, which are all coming in useful too. We have two or three Jackdaws that are keen to sample the worms revealed by my digging, a couple of Blackbirds and a very friendly Robin that loves to pose on the handle of the spade, as they do. Classic.

The camping chairs are in place, we just need to get the rest of the work, done (hahah, yeah, right), the Pinot chilled, and find a fine, warm evening to sit back and enjoy the putative fruit and veg of our labours.

Big, when I’m on Twitter

I write a lot, it’s been my wont for 30+ years. Everything from astronomy to zoology, with a lot of chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals and much else in between. Then, of course, there are the butterfly and moth photos, the birds, the songs and the tech stuff. As I mentioned recently, I feel like education hoodwinked me into becoming a chemist when my childish self imagined I’d be a marine biologist. My first professional article was about The Great Barrier Reef after Mrs Sciencebase and myself a trip took a trip down under in 1989). I suppose during the last decade or so I’ve tried to reinvent myself as some kind of latterday polymath and not really had a second thought about hiring an aqualung.

Anyway, all that science and stuff…it gets some attention on social media, not as much as it used to, despite my peaking at something like 54,000 followers on Twitter and almost 12,000 page fans on Facebook, but some. Always a surprise then that something entirely off-piste, even for me becomes the most engaged tweet for a while. It was an attempt at a humorous graphical response following a post showing a photo of an adder that resembled the meanderings of the River Thames in London that reminded people of the ident for popular BBC TV soap opera, Eastenders.

Go on, get outta my skin!

With apologies to Eliza Doolittle for the blog title…

Well-stacked Muslin Moth

UPDATE: 9th April 2020: First Muslin to the lure, conventionally photographed from three angles on stone.

The male Muslin Moth (Diaphora mendica [Clerck, 1759]) that I saw in the trap these last couple of mornings was there again today. I know, because he has a little snick out of the end of his left antenna. I was hoping a female might turn up, their wings are muslin-white, but the only other moth in the trap was a solitary Hebrew Character.

Muslin Moth

Anyway, the Muslin’s arrival gave me the opportunity to try out some more focus stacking. This time I used a couple of free tools. The first a controller for my Canon dSLR, digiCam Control. This software lets you control you dSLR via a USB cable from your computer and has builtin focus stacking (and many other functions).

I used its simple focus stacking to take a focus-bracketed set of four photos of the moth illuminated with an LED ring flash and natural light from my “studio” window (it’s just our back bedroom, which I use as an office). Anyway, each of the four photographs has its focus from near to far away from the camera. So the moth is pin sharp in each photo but only in a certain plane parallel to the camera’s sensor. The depth-of-field is very short with a macro lens at close quarters even with a small-ish aperture of f/9.5.

I then combined (automated process) the four shots using another piece of free software, CombineZP. I used what seemed to be the simplest option “Do Stack” and the resulting composite image was generated in a couple of minutes.

All very quick and easy. I am sure with practice and more attention to the details of optimising each piece of software and perhaps the lighting for the subject, I reckon it would be possible to get even better sharper shots, without having to spend hundreds of pounds on new hardware.

I also did a sequence of face-on portrait shots with the moth, automatically aligned them in CombineZP and then applied the “Do Stack” command, great result.

Simplified seeding with Seedball

The manufacturers of Seedball sent me a couple of tins of their product to try out and review. It’s an ingenious idea, little pellets of clay and soil packed with lots of different wildflower seeds in each and a little chilli powder to keep the ants away. You scatter a few over your putative seedbeds and wait for the rains…or as I did grab the watering can and sprinkle a few drops of pre-stored rainwater from the waterbutts.

These seem like the perfect answer for the wannabe gardener who doesn’t want all the hassle of seed trees and seedlings and pricking out and thinning out and all that malarkey. I’m not averse to a bit of proper gardening as long-time readers will remember and also more recent readers will be aware that Mrs Sciencebase and I have taken to #AllotmentLife recently. Nevertheless, I thought I’d set up a couple of tubs with Seedballs from the bat and the butterfly tins. Each ball contains 30-150 seeds and there were a couple of dozen Seedballs in each tin. I’ve used half from each tin in my tubs, and we’ll give it a couple of weeks to see how germination goes (it can take 2-6 weeks depending on water exposure, apparently). There’s nothing to show you just yet, I have great expectations, however.

Meanwhile, the sciencey bit. The clay acts as a protective casing keeping birds away from the seeds. Once sufficient water has permeated the clay, however, the seeds will hopefully begin to germinate, with a little help from the nutrients and minerals in the ball. There are several natural pesticides and invertebrate-repellant compounds in chillis, so this additive deters ants and slugs while the seedlings grow.

The butterfly mix will hopefully draw the lepidopteral crowds assuming germination happens before what naturalists call the June gap, which happens between spring butterflies and the summer butterflies. I’m in two minds about the bat mix, I love bats. We have 2-3 pipistrelles that frequent our garden catching myriad moths on the wing. But, therein lies the rub, as most readers will know I’ve got a bit of a fixation with moths at the moment. Circle of life.

#AllotmentLife

Also in the Seedball range mixes of seeds for birds, shade, “Cloud Meadow”, beetles, bees, poppies, and the aforementioned butterflies and bats mixes.

Thinking about it, I might take the bat mix tub up to the allotment. Not much call for moths on the vegetable patch, to be honest…

Focus stacking an Angle Shades moth

Yesterday, I had a Muslin moth to photograph. Today, I had another go at focus stacking a macro shot, with an Angle Shades (Phlogophora meticulosa).

Focus stacked moth, note how from nose to tail the image is largely in focus

Focus stacking involves taking essentially the same photo several times but focusing first on the foreground, then the mid, then the farthest point on the subject. You can take as many shots as you like to “bracket” the image and get a sequence of shots that have the whole of the object in focus at some point in each photo. As you can see in the photo above.

It works best if you set the camera up on a tripod and take the series of photos using magnified LiveView and manually focusing on different parts of the subject. There are automated systems (software and hardware) and some cameras have focus bracketing built in (think of it as the focusing analogue of exposure bracketing, which lets you create high dynamic range (HDR) photos.

Once you have your set of focus-bracketed photos, you can then use a photo editor to blend them into a single composite image where pretty much all of the shot is in focus. The technique overcomes the very shallow depth-of-field you have with a small aperture when shooting taking close-ups. That said, the technique works to extend DoF for any type of photo.

Today’s subject is the beautifully patterned Angle Shades moth (who said moths were dull and grey?). I had it sat in a pot and perched that on an old patterned chair. If I could have persuaded it out of the pot without it flying away, you could have seen better just how well camouflaged this moth is against such William Morris style arts and crafts prints. In the wild, of course, it finds itself beautifully camouflaged among multicoloured and dappled foliage.

Conventional, single shot from above.

Sniffing out Parkinson’s disease

Dogs that can sniff out cancer have been in the science and medical news periodically over the thirty years I’ve been a science writer…but…something new is on the horizon, people who can smell whether you have Parkinson’s disease.

Everybody’s skin has a waxy substance known as sebum. It’s akin to lanolin in sheep. But, in PD, other chemicals are present that have a distinctive odour that some people can detect. These compounds are eicosane, hippuric acid, and octadecanal. A clinical test based on the presence of these chemicals in one’s sebum could be used to test for PD early on.

Ironically, one of the symptoms of PD is a change or loss of the patient’s own sense of smell.

Read the full story from my colleague Steve Down writing in the mass spec channel of spectroscopynow.com, Steve Down.