TL:DR – Pheromones are a useful tool for discovering what day-flying moths are in your neighbourhood.
As regular readers know, I do a bit of mothing…I have had a FUN lure, a pheromone lure aimed at attracting Grapholita funebrana. It’s been sighted in the garden for a couple of weeks with nothing appearing until 21st March 2023 at which point I was lucky enough to catch a couple of micro moths, Pammene giganteana (known to some unofficially as the Early Oak Piercer) not the target species but nice to see, nevertheless.
The micro moth Pammene giganteana (Early Oak Piercer)
The larvae of the Early Oak Piercer feed inside oak-apple galls, which are themselves formed by parasitic wasps.
According to Anglian Lepidopterist Supplies from whom I bought this and other pheromone lures, the FUN lure has a long list of non-target species that might be drawn to it at different times of year, there may be others yet to be reported:
A simple pheromone moth trap. The lure is held in a receptacle above an funnelled opening, a moth attracted to the lure will commonly fall into the funnel and be unable to escape, ready for identification, logging, and release back into the wild unharmed.
TL:DR – Mothing is a simple, but educational and fascinating hobby. The data it accumulates can be useful scientifically.
I have lit up with a couple of different traps through the winter, but with generally disappointing results. There are not a lot of trees in our neighbourhood, which I suspect is the reason we don’t get a huge number of moths. That said, very few moth-ers see lots of moths in the gardens during the winter months.
15Watt Heath type, portable moth trap in place and ready for lighting up time
I put out my “spare” Heath trap last night. It is basically an ultraviolet fluorescent tube supported above funnel on top of a plastic box. The UV tube attracts nocturnal moths. They flap about a bit around the tube, perhaps bash into the vertical plastic vanes, and drop into the box. The box contains a load of cardboard egg cartons and the moths will generally secrete themselves among the hollows once they’re bored with chasing the light.
Come the morning, the diligent moth-er will be up at dawn to identify and count the moths trapped overnight, record the data ready to send off to the county moth recorder for scientific analysis along with records from others. The moths themselves are released off-site into bushes and undergrowth, preferably near dusk, and safely carry on with their lives.
Quick phone macro shot of the Hebrew Character moth and in the background an Early Grey
The haul from the moth trap, if you could call it a haul, was the biggest and most diverse of the year so far. Four moths of three different species. A micro moth known as Diurnea fagella, which arrived about three weeks earlier than this in 2022, a second Hebrew Character, and the first Early Grey, two of them. At the height of summer, I expect to see a couple of hundred moths of 60 differents species on a lighting up night. But, it was just 7 Celsius overnight, that and other factors at play can keep numbers down until well into the spring it seems.
Early Grey moth, Xylocampa areola
Now, you are perhaps wondering whether this is ethical or even worse cruel and there are definitely arguments for and against. But, what is definitely known is that we need to monitor the natural world to know anything about it with the aim of helping protect it, conserve, and restore. The moths are just one indicator of whether a location is environmentally healthy. They are often expert pollinators. They and their larvae also provide food for birds, frogs, and various other animals. They are themselves beautiful and fascinating creatures and deserve their place in the world just as any other living creature. I wrote on this issue about a year after I started mothing.
Oh, and if you were worrying about your woolen carpet and your three-piece suit, there are actually something like 1700 different species of moth in the UK, and just one or two of all those species actually have larvae that eat textiles.
Incidentally, it was some of the names that first drew me to mothing. The one I mentioned above, Hebrew Character is fascinating and closely related etymologically to the Setaceous Hebrew Character.
Fellow mothers, those who light up in the hope of seeing interesting nocturnal Lepidoptera will know only too well the feeling of disappointment when they check their trap the morning after the night before only to find not a single scaly-winged friend within. A BLANK.
Last night was wet and chilly, early evening it had been dry, cloudless, and chilly, with a bright moon. The local primary school also did their annual fireworks extravaganza. None of this had any bearing on the moths, they just weren’t flying into the trap. So, my first BLANK since last winter. Null results are, of course, scientifically just as important as hits. It is logged in my spreadsheet and will be seen by our County Moth Recorder, Bill Mansfield, in due course.
Meanwhile, here’s a photo of the beautiful and enormous Blue Underwing, better known as the incomparable moth from Cliveden House, the Clifden Nonpareil. Came to my garden in September 2020.
#TeamMoth #MothsMatter
ChatGPT words about mothing:
Moth trapping is a technique used by lepidopterists to collect and study moth species for scientific research. The most common method of moth trapping is the use of a light trap. A light trap is a device that uses a light source, usually a bulb or LED, to attract moths at night. Moths are attracted to the light and fly towards it, eventually getting trapped in the trap. Other techniques include pheromone traps, which can be used to attract day-flying moths. Also sugaring, which involves pasting a strong-smelling sugary, often alcoholic, mixture on to outdoor surfaces to attract moths that less interested in light sources.
Here are some tips for effective moth trapping:
Choose a good location: Moth trapping is most effective in areas where there is little to no light pollution. The trap should be placed in a location where it is easily accessible but away from human traffic.
Use the right equipment: A light trap should have a bright light source that emits light in a specific range of wavelengths. The trap should also have a funnel or cone-shaped entrance that leads to a holding chamber or container.
Check the trap regularly: Moth trapping should be done at night and the trap should be checked regularly to avoid overheating or overcrowding of the moths.
Why do moth-ers sometimes have blanks?
Weather conditions: Moths are more active in warm and humid conditions. If the weather is too cold or dry, the number of moths that are active and visible may be reduced.
Moonlight: Moths are known to be attracted to light, but they are more attracted to artificial light than natural light. If the moon is bright, moths may be less attracted to the light trap.
Migration: Some species of moths are migratory and may not be present in a particular area during certain times of the year.
Habitat destruction: If the habitat where the trap is located has been destroyed or altered, there may be fewer moths in the area.
I’ve waited patiently for one particular species of moth to turn up in the garden and the night before Halloween 2022, it made its inaugural appearance, drawn to a 15-watt fluorescent, ultraviolet lamp – the December Moth. Poecilocampa populi (Linnaeus, 1758). If the name seems anachronistic don’t blame me. The Lepidoptera textbooks tell you it can make an appearance any time between October and January, peak is mid-November.
Male December Moth
When I first started mothing back in late July 2018, I hinted to one of the very experienced enthusiasts I know, a guy called Leonard Cooper, that I’d probably switch off the lamp and put the trap away for the winter. His retort was one of shock and awe, “What, and miss the December Moths!?!?”. So I didn’t and I kept lighting up almost all the way up to Christmas. That year and for the three subsequent seasons I didn’t see a December Moth. I did see a few November Moths, however. They are a very different affair.
Where the December Moth is a chunky and fluffy, lasiocampid*, type moth, with a strand of what Mrs Sciencebase referred to as Christmas lights on its wings, the November is a grey geometer moth. In fact, the November is not really a single moth, there are several species that are superficially identical – November, Pale November, Autumnal Moth, and Small Autumnal Moth. Unless you examine their DNA, raise them from larvae, or examine the males’ genitalia, you cannot know for sure which of the three you are looking at and they are generally recorded as November agg, or more properly Epirrita sp.
Anyway, I am glad I took heed of Leonard’s lament and also pleased that my lighting up into the winter was also useful to another moth expert, our County Moth Recorder (CMR) Bill Mansfield, who urged me to continue logging Lepidoptera at least periodically through the winters for the scientific benefits. Moths are a very useful indicator of ecological health and so monitoring their diversity and numbers is useful not only because #MothsMatter but for the wider world of biology so that we can understand how climate change, habitat loss, and other factors are affecting the world around us.
Merveille du Jour
The larvae of December Moths feed on birch, oak, elm, lime, and, indeed, most species of deciduous tree. There is certainly a handful of oak and lime not too far from our garden, so the arrival of a December Moth, at long last, was not to be unexpected. The arrival felt likely as the moth is widespread in the UK and especially as another oak eater, the green and black & white moth with the formidable name Merveille du Jour had turned up in previous years.
Female Oak Eggar
The Lasiocampidae are known in the vernacular as eggar moths because of the relatively large size of the eggs laid by the female. Others in the group include the Oak Eggar, Grass Eggar, Fox Moth, The Lappet, The Drinker, and The Lackey.
My friend Andy, who, like myself, is a keen amateur wildlife photographer, often asks me questions about the birds and butterflies he photographs. I can usually come up with an answer. But, today, we were talking about Little Owls and he casually referred to the species as the Small Owl. As far as I know, there is no species known as the Small Owl. I pointed this out and he came back with an intriguing question. Why are the birds “Little” but the butterflies “Small”? As in the Little Owl but the Small Blue, for instance.
The Little Owl species does not have a counterpart Large Owl
Among the birds, we have Little Owl, Little Gull, Little Stint, Little Ringed Plover, Little Egret, Little Auk, Little Grebe, Little Tern. But, for the butterflies, we have Small Blue, Small Tortoiseshell, Small Skipper, Small Heath, Small Copper, Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, Small White.
The Large Skipper has a Small Skipper counterpart
It’s puzzling…there is a subtle difference in our perception of what we mean by “little” and “small”, but it’s hard to define. Small is the opposite of big, little is the opposite of large. The Oxford English Dictionary suggests that while little is generally synonymous with small, it can have emotional implications associated with it that the word small does not, I can’t quite put my finger on what those differences are. When we discuss dwarfism, people with that condition are often referred to as “little people” but “not small people”. Small perhaps sounds quaint or undersized, whereas little just sounds like the opposite of big.
Small is perhaps a neutral or factual comment on size, while little tends to evoke something more personal or affectionate. “Little” can often feel more intimate, for instance when someone says “my little sister” or “a little treasure.” It can suggest warmth, vulnerability, or even something cherished. We don’t have singers with the nickname Small, it’s Little Kim and Little Jimmy Osmond. It’s less about the objective size and more about the relationship to size. But, why does that work as it does with birds versus butterflies?
Etymologically, the word small, a word of Germanic origin, means “thin, slender, narrow, fine” but also refers to a diminutive animal. Indeed, the true root in proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the prefix (s)melo- used to talk of a “smaller animal”. Little, etymologically speaking, is also Germanic in origin, the PIE root is “leud” meaning small.
So, back to Andy’s question why are the birds “little” but the butterflies “small”? I wondered whether it had something to do with the etymology of the words or perhaps whether the naming happened at different times and one descriptor was favoured for some reason at a given time.
Another possible explanation is that the use of small for the butterflies was done because there is a large counterpart. For the Small Tortoiseshell, there is a bigger but similar species the Large Tortoiseshell. Similarly, for the Small Skipper, there is a Large Skipper. However, there are no pairings among the birds, there are lots of different species of gull, but there is no Big Gull nor Large Gull to be a counterpart to the Little Gull, the same with the Little Owl, we do not have a Big Owl or a Large Owl species. Of course, we do have the Lesser Black-backed Gull and the Great Black-backed Gull. The lesser implying the smaller of a pairing and great simply meaning big, as in Great Britain.
Often these kinds of differences are related to Anglo-Saxon versus Norman etymology, as in the peasants grow the pigs, cattle, and sheep, while the Norman aristocrats eat the pork (porc), beef (boeuf), and mutton (moutton). Stephen Moss just reminded me that he alludes to this in his excellent book Mrs Moreau’s Warbler: How Birds Got Their Names. “I noted that three groups of birds have Norman French names – ducks and gamebirds, which were eaten by French aristocrats, and raptors, which were used to hunt them. Same principle as farm animals and meat!”
Then there are the Great birds…
Great White Egret, Great Tit, Great Shearwater, Great Black-backed Gull, Great Crested Grebe, Great Grey Shrike, Great Northern Diver, Great Crane. The “Great” also essentially means big and there are “lesser” birds that are generally smaller than the common species: Lesser Redpoll, Lesser Whitethroat, Lesser Black-backed Gull, Lesser Spotted Woodpecker…
Moss also points out that in the US there are birds with “least” in their names ‘Least Grebe’, ‘Least Sandpiper’, and ‘Least Bittern’, for instance, we don’t have “least” birds in UK English…which maybe a throwback to US English etymology and the great divide between English and American. But, we do have the Least Weasel (which in Britain is just the weasel).
“I have never really thought about why birds are great/little/lesser but butterflies are small/large, and I don’t really have an explanation. I suppose traditions in naming spring up early, and that namers therefore tend to follow an established formula. Some of the small/large butterfly names are 18th century or even, with Small Heath, late 17th century, so it might reflect usage at the time – Georgian vs Victorian? Simple English vs 19th Century elaboration?”
Marren points out that there are a few ‘little’ moths e.g. the Little Thorn – named later, perhaps. But again more usually large/small. He adds that “Great’ just seems the wrong word for a British butterfly or moth, somehow, but not sure I could explain why. ‘Large’ is often (usually?) used where there is also a ‘small’, e.g. Large and Small White, Large and Small Blue, Large and Small Tortoiseshell. But I guess the same pairing is true of birds.”
A pub conversation with a retired friend who was an English teacher, had me saying “All creatures great and small”, which is almost a crossover usage…the hymn should perhaps be “All creatures great and lesser” or “All creatures large and small” but neither would sound quite so poetic as the original hymnal words by Cecil Frances Alexander.
A few days ago I tweeted about a famous picture of a moth, the Death’s Head Hawk-moth used in the artwork surrounding the 1991 psychological thriller “The Silence of the Lambs”. At first glance, the moth looks genuine, but closer inspection reveals that what is thought of as markings resembling a skull on the moth’s thorax is, in the movie illustration, actually an imprint of a well-known 1951 creation of Salvador Dali and photographer Philippe Halsman.
In that image, In Voluptas Mors, a group of naked women were posed in such a way as to create the illusion of a skull. Of course, this morbid allusion fits perfectly with the theme of a murderer who skins his female victims in the movie. The women are lambs to the slaughter, their fleeces flayed from their bodies by the serial killer and a symbolic moth placed on their tongues to silence them forever.
Although a representation of the Death’s Head Hawk-moth (Acherontia atropos) features in the promotional materials for the film. Fellow science writer Rowan Hooper reminded me that in the movie itself, it is the pupae of a different moth, the Carolina Sphinx Moth (also known as the Tobacco Hawk-moth (Manduca sexta) that feature in the plot. In our chat, I mentioned that I wasn’t particularly interested in moths when that movie was first on release, but he said he was very much interested in Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) at the time, Indeed, Hooper was specifically working in research trying to figure out something rather odd about Lepidoptera.
It turns out that the males of all Lepidoptera, all 180,000 species of moths and butterflies produce two types of sperm. They make sperm that carry their genetic material, their DNA, in the sperm’s nucleus, so-called eupyrene sperm, but they also make sperm that lack that DNA, apyrene sperm, or parasperm. Indeed, at least half of the sperm are blanks. In one type of swallowtail butterfly, 90 percent of the male’s sperm lack DNA. That percentage is 96 in Manduca sexta. Even more bizarrely, Lepidoptera are the only creatures that do this.
Obviously, the fusion of sperm with egg is fundamentally all about fusing the genetic material from the male with that of the female to fertilise the egg and create offspring from both parents. So, why would males make sperm that contain no genes to pass on and more to the point would be incapable of fertilising the female’s eggs. To cut to the money shot: nobody knows, for sure.
There are hypotheses, of course. It might be that the blank sperm act as some kind of useful filler, inactive biological padding. The blanks perhaps take up the female’s resources somehow while the active sperm do their job. Maybe this precluded further matings with other males ensuring that the first male’s active sperm are the ones that fertilise her eggs. Alternatively, perhaps Lepidoptera females have defences within their reproductive tract to ensure that only the fittest sperm reach their eggs and so the males produce these blanks as decoys (after all blanks would require fewer material resources and energy to produce, if many are going to be wasted). An alternative theory might be that the blank sperm are some kind of nuptial gift for the female, not so much inactive filler as nutrients.
There is evidence that a gene known as Sex-lethal (Sxl) is involved in the production of apyrene sperm in Lepidoptera. A paper in PNAS looked at the activity of this gene in the Silk Moth, Bombyx mori, and found that it was partially responsible for the generation of apyrene sperm. Moreover, the team showed that apyrene sperm have to be present in the male moth’s ejaculate to allow the active eupyrne sperm to travel from the female’s genital opening, the bursa copulatrix, to her spermatheca (where she stores sperm prior to egg fertilisation).
So, while no definitive answer is known for all Lepidoptera that produce eupyrene and apyrene sperm, for the Silk Moth at least it seems that firing blanks is the best way for the active sperm to hit the target.
I’ve had to hack my moth trap, or more specifically, I’ve had to hack my two moth traps.
The white, plastic vanes are broken on my original moth trap (the collapsible wooden one bought from an ex-mother and cabinet maker friend mentioned here years ago). The UV U-tube also failed in the night a week or so ago, So, having previously also acquired a spare moth trap from yet another friend in the village who is also an ex-mother, I have now hybridised the original box and funnel with the vanes and UV tube from the second trap. The U-tubes were 40 Watts, the linear bulb is just 20 Watts, so will be half the electricity cost on lighting-up sessions (although not as cheap to run as the 1 Watt LepiLED, good success with that on a couple of field trips).
As you can see, the Perspex shoulders of the box have clouded over a lot since I acquired the original trap and I ought to replace those. The point of having a transparent upper is so that plenty of light from the lamp gets into the box so that the moths don’t simply head for the exit hole once they’re in the box. As regular readers will know, the box is filled with egg trays to give the moths somewhere to roost overnight until they’re logged, photographed and safely released the next day.
There are at least seven mothers in our village, although only four of us are currently active, I believe. Three are definitely ex-mothers. I have the old traps of two of them and the third disposed of her trap for ethical reasons, although I think having people trap for scientific purposes is more ethical than not knowing anything about the local moths. We are a big village, very long, flanked by farmland and some trees. So, for the County Moth Recorder, it is useful to have records from across the patch and the area is big enough that individual trapping is very unlikely to disturb moth populations and biology in any significant way.
Beaded Chestnut hiding on a leaf
Anyway, it’s mid-October and last night was wet but brought in a fair number of moths, more than the previous session with the now-defunct 40W kit: Beaded Chestnut 3, Black Rustic 2, Box-tree Moth 1, Light Brown Apple Moth 4, Lesser Yellow Underwing 1, Large Yellow Underwing 3,
Red-line Quaker 2, Shuttle-shaped Dart 1, Strawberry Tortrix 2, Vine’s Rustic 1, White-point 1.
UPDATE: 29th October 2022 – Finally added December Moth to the list of Lepidoptera I’ve logged and photographed. This was my 463rd moth species, and 64th new species logged in 2022.
December Moth, new for me 2022-10-29
One might ostensibly refer to mid-October as the point in the year at which the mothing season is beginning to draw to a close. There are still plenty of autumnal moths to be seen, (various Sallows, Merveille du Jour, Red-line and Yellow-line Quakers, Bricks etc, and then winter moths (Winter Moth, November Moth, December Moth etc) around and a chance of rare migrants but from now on, a cold lighting-up night might give you a blank from here on until mid to late February…it can be a gloomy time for moth-ers, although perhaps not quite as gloomy as it is for the moth-ers we know as butterfliers.
One of several Convolvulus Hawk-moths that nectared on my garden tobacco plants in the summer of 2022
Anyway, I’ve done sone totting up from my records. Just in case you’re interested in the details of this year’s mothing here in Cottenham and with a couple of off-site sessions. I have counted about 7500 moths of some 318 species in 200 lighting-up sessions so far this year. I’ve been mothing since July 2018 and have recorded 460 species in that time. 60 of those species were new to me this year alone.
Light Crimson Underwing was drawn to the LepiLED in the New Forest session in 2022
In the previous three seasons, the new-for-me numbers were in the 30s. However, a mothing session in the New Forest, one in Dorset, and success with garden tobacco plants here, bumped up the NFMs, that and my being more diligent in logging micro moths. If I remember rightly, I did far fewer sessions in 2019, but had some nights with several hundred moths and my total that year was 12500 moths of almost 300 species.
Male Oak Eggar seen in the summer while butterflying along Devil’s Dyke, Cambridgeshire in 2022
TL:DR – I’ve been mothing since July 2018. In 2022, I recorded almost 50 new species in my garden. It was just 37 in 2021, and 30 in 2020.
As the year rolls by, the number of new moth species a novice moth-er with 3-4 years experience is likely to see on any given night declines with the arrival of autumn. All the moths I saw in my first season were pretty much new-for-me (NFM), about 127 species. In 2019, lighting up for a longer period, I recorded 125 NFM. 2020 wasn’t a great year not many moths at all after an unseasonably warm and sunny pre-Spring and I recorded just 30 NFM. Similarly, 37 NFM in 2021. However, despite odd weather again in 2022, I’ve recorded 49 NFM in the garden and a dozen with the LepiLED in the New Forest.
Among those NFM species was the fabulous and rather rare Convolvulus Hawk-moth. Several (perhaps 5) have turned up in our garden, perhaps drawn to the nectar of the tobacco plants we grew especially for them.
There are, of course, plenty of autumnal moths and maybe a clutch of those have not been ticked. Then, there are the recent additions to the British List, such as Clancy’s Rustic. Clancy’s Rustic Caradrina kadenii
(Freyer, [1836]) which was first reported by Sean Clancy in Kent in 2002.
One turned up in the garden last night, looking quite fresh. I thought I’d seen one before in 2020 but when I double-checked my records it turned out to have been the rather similar-looking Pale Mottled Willow, which is quite common in my garden. So, at last I can tick one of the rarest of the rare moths, Clancy’s Rustic as NFM.
There are so many “hairstreak” butterflies around the world, members of the Theclinae, with lots of tribes. Indeed, nobody knows for sure how many of these delightful little creatures adorn our world. In the UK, we have just five of them as native species, and they’re quite rare and tend to live and breed only in small pockets.
In 2021, I saw my first Green, Purple, and White-letter Hairstreaks with a little bit of guidance from some butterflyers I’ve mentioned before. In 2022, I made a concerted effort to try and find at least one of the two others that are not too far to drive from home – the Black Hairstreak. I may have glimpsed it in 2021, but I definitely saw and photographed it in a place called Monks Wood one of its rare habitats.
The fifth the Brown Hairstreak has a flying season August-September and we tried to spot it on our final day on the edge of the New Forest where there was plenty of fresh blackthorn (the larval foodplant) but with no luck. A possible trip to nearer Suffolk might have been productive, but it’s probably too late in the year for it now, so Brown HS is going to be a target there for me in 2023 instead.
In the meantime, you can catch up with some of the 50 butterflies and 460 moths I’ve photographed and videoed for Reels on the Sciencebase Instagram
