European Robin – Erithacus rubecula

It occurs to me occasionally and I forget to mention it, that this is probably the species of bird we Brits probably picture when we hear the song Rockin’ Robin.

I suspect, however, that the guy who wrote the song, Leon René (aka Jimmie Thomas), was actually thinking of the American Robin (Turdus migratorius), which is like a British Blackbird (T. merulea) or a Song Thrush (T. philomela) but with a red/orange breast.

Anyway, the American Robin’s song is much closer to the refrain “Tweet, tweedle-lee-dee” in the hit, than the rambling and melodic song of the European Robin. One more thing, check out the cover artwork of the record by original Rockin’ Robin artist, Bobby Day, he’s got macaws, parrots, but no sign of a Robin, American, European or otherwise as far as I can see.

Now, here’s a thing…mammals have a single set of vocal folds in the larynx of their trachea. That means they can only really ever bark, moo, yelp, or sing with one voice using that set of vocal folds. The “voicebox” of birds is further down their pipes at the place where the trachea branches into two bronchi. Birds have a syrinx* rather than a larynx, which allows them to create two tones at once.

The European Robin (Erithacus rubecula) is an old world flycatcher. Like I say, not to be confused with the American Robin demonstrating what is possible with a syrinx. Listen out for his neighbours calling at the points in the video when he stops singing. It’s impossible to know who sang first, maybe he’s replying, or maybe it’s them calling back to him.

For Rush fans, yes, that is the reference! The Temples of Syrinx from the 2112 opus. In classical Greek mythology, Syrinx was a nymph and a follower of Artemis, the goddess of the hunt.

Syrinx was known for her chastity, making her the perfect object of worship for the Priests of the Temples of Syrinx who by the year 2112 have banned pleasure (specifically music played on guitars) from the world in deference to computers. In Greek mythology Syrinx was pursued by Pan, the god of the wild and music.

To evade his advances, she fled into the river Ladon, where she asked the gods to turn her into reeds. Pan, of course, took those reeds and from them fashioned his panpipes, ultimately possessing Syrinx for his own pleasure. This myth is why the word syrinx is used for the double vocal flute of birds.

Conkering spiders

I’m not entirely sure why anyone would want to exclude spiders from their home, my preference would be to have a flyeater in each corner of the room to eat the flies. Flies spread disease. Spiders modulate diptera activity.

Anyway, every autumn, the deceived wisdom that putting conkers, the seed of the horse chestnut tree,  Aesculus hippocastanum, around your home will scare the spiders away comes up. It’s evergreen content for columnists. But, it is a myth, it has been debunked several times over the years.

More about conkers coming soon in my Materials Today column.

Moth behaviour

TL:DR – Moths, Lepidoptera, are an incredibly diverse group of insects with some very diverse behaviour. There are some 180,000 known species worldwide with about 18000 of those known as butterflies in the English language, but butterflies are just a class of moth.


There is quite a diversity of behaviour among the moths you see in your trap. The various Yellow Underwings almost all flap wildly around inside until the settle down, but if you disturb them they will flap again, flashing their yellow hindwings.

Large Yellow Underwing (Noctua pronuba)

Others are more passive once they have settled down they stay settled down unless disturbed and will generally avoid gripping on to anything other than the original surface on which they landed, Turnip moth is a case in point it seems. But, others will grab on to an offered paintbrush or piece of leaf and happily clamber aboard to be photographed, Angles Shades, for instance, were happy to do this.

Angle Shades (Phlogophora meticulosa)

Agitate some moths and if they’re not quite warm enough they will sit still but vibrate their wings, revving their engines as it were before taking flight, I’ve watched this with Flounced Rustic, Straw Underwing, Setaceous Hebrew Character, and the Elephant Hawk-moth, which oscillates audibly.

Setaceous Hebrew Character (Xestia c-nigrum)

Many of them will, if disturbed, will have a quick flap before landing on their backs and playing dead. If disturbed again they will flap and fly, if they can. I have observed this intriguing behaviour many times in the last few weeks since beginning my mothing career. Most recently, with the nominate form of The Sallow (Cirrhia icteritia), which I’d gently coerced into a jar to photograph and which ended up on its back staring at me. It quickly flipped back over and took flight into the safety of the shrubbery.

The Sallow (Cirrhia icteritia)

Behaviour that was investigated scientifically not too long ago is even more fascinating than any I have seen in the trap or indeed elsewhere. Most moth species have some form of camouflage that allows them to hide on their favoured vegetation. Apparently, the aforementioned Elephant Hawk-moth likes fuchsia bushes and given how the moth looks and the form of that plant’s flowers, you can see why. The Peppered Moth is said to have evolved to cope with soot-covered trees so that during the Industrial Revolution they became much, much darker and better camouflaged on sooty surfaces. This industrial evolution is most likely #DeceivedWisdom given that this species actually roosts on the underside of leaves where predators  would not see them anyway.

Elephant Hawk-moth (Deilephila elpenor) and fuchsia blossom

Another species investigated recently shows an incredible ability to adjust its position on a tree bark to make itself pretty much completely invisible to putative predators. One has to wonder, how does the moth know what it looks like from above to do this? I can imagine that there are two ways it might be able to carry out this feat. Perhaps the most sophisticated is that its brain has some kind of “map” of how it looks and the moth shuffles around on a surface until the surface matches how it perceives it looks from above.

A second simpler explanation, which occurred to me is that in fluttering its wings gently it can see the shadow beneath them of where the pattern changes and can then simply look to see or feel whether its pattern matches up with the bark surface on which it finds itself. You can read the research here and here.

I contacted the research team to see how and if their work in this areas has progressed and to ask whether my possible explanation for the behaviour had been investigated. This is what the Prof, Piotr Jablonski, had to say:

We have thought along similar lines but did not do any experiments...We thought the by raising and lowering its wings, the moth may compare the colour and/or pattern on its wingtips (visible when raising them) with the colour or pattern of the bark around the moth. This would require changing the colour of the wingtips (probably visible to some moths - but not all - during the wing-raising behaviour) and for it to be able to control the change of colour of the wing area that is not visible. Maybe another student can pick up on this soon...Changku Kang graduated a few years ago.

One other aspect of moth behaviour that has intrigued people for centuries is why moths are drawn to a flame or other light source. The argument is that they use the moon to navigate at night and candles and other artificial light sources confuse them. I don’t think this is true. I have my own theory, which I have discussed here.

Gorse Shieldbug – Piezodorus lituratus

I headed to the garden with my SLR camera and a 90mm 1:1 macro lens to snap what insects I could find while it was sunny. In the end, I finally got around to pruning our wisteria, cutting back the grapevines and the bladder senna plants and the overhanging bramble from our rearward neighbour. I left the overgrowing ivy to bloom for the autumnal insects, including the moths, butterflies, and hornets.

Two hours later, I had no insect photos until I spotted a shieldbug on a leaf in the leaf litter. Picked up on and let him run around our old teak garden table. I’d plucked a few grapes from the vines so plonked one of those in front of him for his close-ups. Needless to say, he didn’t sit still for long and with the short depth of field you get with a macro lens like this it was hard to get a sharp shot on his eyes. Of course, you can use focus stacking to get a greater DoF, but that’s hard with a moving subject like a living insect.

I couldn’t find an exact match for this species and settled on it being a Birch Shieldbug. However, Vicky Gilson on the Bug of the Day Facebook group suggested that it was a Gorse Shieldbug (Piezodorus lituratus). She explained that it is “similar to the Birch but more robust and has a yellow edge to its connexivum. It’s in its late summer/autumn colouration, earlier in the season they are more green.”

That “piezo” prefix in its scientific binomial is intriguing…you can read more about it in my latest column in the Materials Today magazine.

A momentary leps of reason

Regular visitors to the Sciencebase site and associated social media have probably spotted the leps (Lepidoptera, the butterflies and moths), that have somewhat usurped the previous 18 months of bird photography, although that is still ongoing.

Black Rustic (Aporophyla nigra)

If you haven’t, what have you been looking at, then? Anyway, I was almost set to clean up the borrowed actinic light moth trap and return it to my friend who so kindly lent it to me on 24 July and endowed me with a new addiction.

Red-green Carpet (Chloroclysta siterata)

The reason? Well, there hadn’t really been much new for a while and I was starting to believe that our garden setting is not quite good enough for the moths. I persisted, however, and having had a dearth of new species this last week was rewarded on my return from C5 the band rehearsals last night with several I had not seen before as well as some old favourites.

Lunar Underwing (Omphaloscelis lunosa)

Lunar Underwing (Omphaloscelis lunosa)The new ones included Lunar Underwing, Red-green Carpet and Black Rustic, and the oldies, but goodies were the various Yellow Underwings (Lesser, Large, Broad-bordered), Flounced Rustic, Gold Triangle, Willow Beauty, Brimstone, Common Wainscot, Vine’s Rustic, Shuttle-shaped Dart, Sallow, and several others. You can see the 100+moths I’ve identified and photographed in my Leps gallery on Imaging Storm.

Encouragement from the mothing community, especially from Rob, Brian, Samantha, Leonard, Matthew, Karen, Mandy, Ben, Jade (who told me Lunar UW was just around the corner), Mark, and others, particularly on the UK moths Flying Tonight Facebook group. And, of course, Mrs Sciencebase who was not so keen initially, but has taken a flight of fancy of late, a lep of faith you might say.

 

Mothing about – Waved Black

Well, after the heady days of late July and August with dozens of different moths coming to the actinic light trap that I borrowed, numbers of species have diminished. The chilly and occasionally damp evenings here in VC29 mean there is less nocturnal lepidopteran activity overall, although there always seems to be a good number of Large Yellow Underwings, Vine’s Rustics, and one or two Setaceous Hebrew Characters in the trap by morning. And, usually, there is the one oddity that keeps me lighting up just for the treat of a new species.

There was a Large Ranunculus a couple of nights ago and a hint of a big, dark Hawk-moth that rattled around in the dark among our shrubbery but didn’t get caught in the trap. It may well have been a Red Underwing or an Old Lady, I didn’t get a good look, but I hold out hope that it was actually a Convolvulus Hawk-moth, and if it warms up again, it may well return. [Had to wait until September 2022!)

Anyway, this morning there was a small dark species on the egg boxes, speckly but sooty black to my bleary eye. It had much more apparent creamy yellow markings once I got the photo up on my screen. Unfortunately, I didn’t get a particularly sharp photo, which is a shame.

It turns out to be a Waved Black Parascotia fuliginaria. It’s unusual in that its resting posture (wing position) is more like the moths known as Geometers (so-called because their caterpillars appear to measure out the earth, inch-worms, they’re often called). The waved black is actually a member of the Erebidae within the huge superfamily known as owlets, the Noctuidae.

Admin and master moth-er Leonard C on the Moths Flying Tonight UK facebook group points out that this species is a fungus feeder (the caterpillars also eat rotting wood) and “will certainly be the star of your catch”, while another admin Mark M told me he was very envious of the find and that for his county, Devon (specifically, VC3), there has only been one specimen recorded since 1995. The nocturnal adults purportedly fly June to August, so interesting that there’s one mid-September.

Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness

Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness – a wonderful line from John Keats’ Ode to Autumn.

Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,
Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;
Conspiring with him how to load and bless
With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;

To bend with apples the moss’d cottage-trees,
And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;
To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells
With a sweet kernel; to set budding more,

And still more, later flowers for the bees,
Until they think warm days will never cease,
For Summer has o’er-brimm’d their clammy cells.

Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?
Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,–
While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,
And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;

Taking flight: The Sallow

The Sallow (Cirrhia icteritia) is a Noctuid moth (Xyleninae). I’ve seen a couple of them in the actinic trap over the last few days. It’s a common species in the UK although if you spot one you might be confused by the appearance of another of the same species that does not have the same colouration. It flies in September-October and is attracted to light and sugar solutions (it has feeding mouth parts, unlike many other adult moths). Initially, the larvae (caterpillars) feed on the catkins of the sallow (more often known as willow trees, these days), hence the moth’s common name.

I videoed the specimen pictured above, briefly while it did its warmup exercises ready to take flight.

This is another Sallow specimen, note the rather different colouration from the first

Burying beetles

A Burying Beetle turned up in the moth trap during the summer. At first, I could hear its beating wings, could see its black and yellow warning colours and assumed it was some kind of hornet until it landed and I got a proper look at it with its large club-like antennae.

Burying Beetle – Nicrophorus vespillo

These beetles are attracted to dead vertebrates, birds and rodents, by the volatile and very smelly organosulfur compounds produced by a carcass some time after death. If you’ve ever done any sulfur chemistry you know how unattractive you become after working with such compounds in the lab.

The beetle drags its carcass underground, encases it and sprays it with oral and anal secretions to mask the smell of death to preclude other scavengers finding the stash. The body becomes a food source for the beetle’s larvae once they hatch from the eggs the beetle lays on it.

Unusually among insects, the male and female parents take care of their brood, they even work in communities to bury and protect a large carcass. One amateur naturalist friend of mine says he has seen one such beetle dragging a dead Dunnock underground.

Everyone interested in such insects warns you not to handle them as they smell foul and the smell transfers to your skin.  Apparently, it takes longer to get the stink off your fingers than it does for a wasp sting to subside! Although I wonder whether the vinegar trick for denaturing skunk spray and fox poo odours might work (bathing in tomato ketchup).

It seems that Burying Beetles secrete a chemical brew through their anus from rectal glands. This spray consists of aliphatic acids and terpene alcohols that smell foul. Among the various molecules are methyl or ethyl esters of 4-methylheptanoic acid and 4-methyloctanoic acid which seem to be male pheromones to attract females.

Some comments on the Moth Trap Intruders Facebook Group suggest that not all specimens stink but that if you do wish to examine them it is best to collect them into a glass, rather than a plastic, pot to preclude the smell being absorbed into the plastic from which it will slowly emanate for months to come.

What a wonderful world…