Green Laundry Detergents

Retailers and industry have tried to paint themselves green through the marketing of so-called “green” laundry detergents. The January 29 issue Chemical & Engineering News claims that this represents parties having “taken the leading role in a new effort by retailers and industry to market mainstream, environmentally friendly consumer products.”

The cleaning products industry has apparently embraced sustainability, with various innovations, including energy-efficient laundry detergents that work without hot water and other products that degrade once they go down the drain.

Report author Michael McCoy says that, “Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been a major catalyst in the green detergent revolution. Using its purchasing power as the world’s biggest retailer, Wal-Mart launched an environmental initiative last October to encourage its suppliers to manufacture more environmentally friendly laundry detergents. Laws and regulations in the United States and the European Union are giving industry additional regulatory incentive to go green with mainstream consumer products,” he adds.

A consideration that is missing from the notion that any laundry product can be “green” is the fact that even the most modern and efficient washing machines and dryers still use huge amounts of energy and vast amounts of water. There is nothing “green” about washing clothes, especially given the common western notion that one wear means an article of clothing is dirty and must be washed.

Now I’m not advocating a return to washboards, mangles, and a weekly bath in front of the hearth, but those in the developed world cannot possibly hope to be “green” as long as we’re using water and energy to wash and dry clothes. In many parts of the world (and coming to a town near you, any time soon) there are millions of people who live day to day with minimal water. An aboriginal Australian told me on a trip to the outback many years ago that he simply couldn’t understand why we’d waste water in such a way when it is such a precious commodity.

Singling out molecules

tip enhanced raman spectroscopySwiss chemists have devised a new approach to the familiar analytical technique of Raman spectroscopy that allows them to investigate the structure of individual molecules.

The full story is available today in advance of publication on SpectroscopyNOW’s Raman channel for Sciencebase readers only.

According to research team leader Renato Zenobi, there are two potentially very important applications of this new high-gain Raman technique:

  • Molecular electronics – This is a field where individual molecules are being used as electronic elements (diodes, transistors, logic gates, etc.). One can, for example, imagine that a molecule would “switch” a current by a change in conformation (shape), which would of course be immediately reflected in a change of the Raman spectrum. Molecular diagnostic / analytical methods for this emerging field are largely missing so far. Here this methodology could make an important contribution, Zenobi told me.
  • Cataysis – In catalytic conversions, A -> (B) -> (C) ->D , where A is the reactant, B and C are intermediates and D is the product, reactions are accelerated by a catalyst, by activating the molecules. Usually this happens on the surfaces of finely dispersed metal on a support material, i.e., it is generally surface process. Catalysis is employed in many industrially important chemical reactions, but – surprisingly – often the exact course of the reaction / the nature of the intermediates is not known. Again, identification of small numbers of molecules in tight spaces (= the nanoscale metallic “active sites” on catalysts) could be achieved with our methodology.

Nuclear assured destruction

Radiation damageAdvocates of nuclear power point to recent advances in waste storage materials that could allow the radioactive byproducts of the nuclear industry to be stored safely and indefinitely in ceramics rather than glass. Whereas those not in favour of splitting atoms to produce almost limitless energy point out that even vitrified nuclear waste will represent an ongoing problem for thousands of years.

Ceramics have come to the fore as an alternative storage medium. However, a recent study by researchers at Cambridge University and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory using NMR spectroscopy suggests that storing high-level nuclear waste (plutonium) without leakage over thousands of years might not be possible even with those materials. The NMR study reveals that alpha particles emitted by the plutonium, while only travelling a short distance through the ceramic wreak havoc with the ceramic’s structure and so could lead to long-term stability problems.

I spoke with Cambridge’s Ian Farnan about the research for the February 1 issue of the NMR channel on SpectroscopyNOW.com. He explained that silicon-29 NMR spin counting experiments on samples with activities greater than 4 GBq was used for the first time to demonstrate how decaying plutonium knocks atoms in the ceramic out of kilter. The findings do not preclude the use of zircon ceramics in the storage of radioactive waste but provides a stronger basis in long-term stability on which to make nuclear waste disposal decisions.

On the origin of chemical species

Organic chemist Dan Lednicer has provided us with a guest Sciencebase editorial. “The enormous strides that have recently been made in molecular biology hold great promise for speeding the discovery of pharmaceuticals to treat diseases that have so far been recalcitrant to drug therapy,” he explains, “and the day may well be in the offing when a majority of important new pharmaceutical products will owe their existence to carefully crafted research programs based on the increasingly detailed understanding of the molecular biology involved in the particular disease that is being addressed.

Read the full feature from Dr Lednicer here in Serendipity and Science

Superheated Water

TL:DR – Superheated water is water that has been heated to above its boiling point while held under sufficiently high pressure to keep it liquid. Technically, it is at a temperature higher than its vaporization point at the absolute pressure where the temperature is measured. It is possibly to superheat liquids other than water for a range of industrial uses.


WARNING: DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME

Put simply, superheating involves raising the temperature of a liquid, for instance, beyond its boiling point without allowing it to vaporize. This can be done by heating water in a sealed container above 100 Celsius. There is an urban myth that has done the rounds for many years that it is possible to superheat the contents of a liquid-filled cup in a microwave and trigger a geyser of fluid when you remove it and stir. Who hasn’t received the spam-mail describing the 26-year old who was severely disfigured by such an incident?

Well, there are risks associated with all cooking, and heating a liquid in a microwave for long enough will produce a boiling temperature liquid and a container surface coated with scalding hot “condensation” that could cause you to jolt and end up splashing yourself with scalding liquid.

Apparently, it happens, so be careful. However, I think it would be hard to actually “superheat” the liquid, although the guys in this video may have done just that using pure, distilled water or similar.

The liquid would have have no so-called “nucleation” points, specks of dust, particles, or whatever, even scratches inside the beaker to seed bubbles of steam. The water could very easily surpass its boiling point without actually boiling.

Like Snopes says, it is possible but takes a lot of effort to cause superheating in a normal cup under normal conditions in a microwave oven. Nevertheless, it’s not worth risking a scalding in an attempt to duplicate the above experiment with your morning coffee.

Ambiguous aspirin

AspirinTwo back-to-back papers in the well-known chemistry journal Angewandte Chemie recently could have potentially serious consequences for the pharmaceutical industry, because they reveal what the authors claim are inherent ambiguities in the crystalline forms of aspirin.

A team of scientists from Denmark, Germany, and India suggest that the recently reported form II of the ubiquitous pharmaceutical may indeed exist but the crystallographic evidence could just as readily be interpreted as being from a single crystal of form I. The findings could have implications for patent arguments over novel forms of the purportedly generic drug.

Even from the early days of crystal studies into aspirin, there were serious issues surrounding its structure. PJ Wheatley obtained the first crystal structure in 1964, but certainly not without a degree of ambiguity. “After Wheatley, Chick Wilson got very high R-factors in his neutron study of 2000,” Desiraju told SpectroscopyNOW.com, “this is what was nagging me throughout, why were these R-factors so high?” Desiraju and his colleagues suggest that the Zaworotko study does not represent much of an improvement on the precision of these earlier studies and moreover confounds attempts to define a new polymorphic form of aspirin.

Read the full story on SpectroscopyNOW.com

Antibiotics from green tea

Green tea antibioticResearchers from Slovenia have used spectroscopy to home in on the active site of an essential bacterial enzyme, DNA gyrase. They say they now understand more clearly how a compound found in green tea, EGCG, which is a health-boosting antioxidant, works to kill bacteria.

The findings should allow researchers to design new, synthetic versions of EGCG that improve on its activity without side effects.

“I think that this direction is worth pursuing,” team leader Roman Jerala told me, “EGCG besides being unpatentable is not very stable in the body and has low bioavailability but this could be improved.” In their paper, the researchers discuss several possible research directions, however Jerala concedes that he and his colleagues lack the synthetic capabilities to pursue them. “We could only go in this direction with support from other labs,” he says, “Hopefully pharmaceutical companies will consider it.”

More…

Cotton bud art conservation

Cotton Bud SamplingA simple Q tip is all it takes to grab a microscopic sample from a work of art for laboratory testing, according to Canadian analytical chemists. They’ve used the approach to sample darkening pigments from an ancient map and from a piece of modern art as proof of principle.

They then used a range of standard spectroscopic techniques to identify components of the pigments. This particular work will provide art conservators with important clues as to how to prevent further degradation of these important cultural objects, but more widely the successful demonstration of cotton bud sampling shows that analysis of artworks needn’t be invasive and destructive.

I interviewed research leader Douglas Goltz of the University of Winnipeg who told me that, “For conservators this approach gives them another tool for identifying pigments…Certainly not every museum or art gallery has immediate access to sophisticated techniques, such as XRF – this approach can be used by anyone. The Q-tip can be carried easily and then stored for later analysis of metals in the lab.”

Read on at SpectroscopyNOW.com

Molecular speed bumps

Mark KuzykRegular readers will recall my mention of the Kuzyk Quantum Gap a few days ago and how Intute Spotlight would be covering news on how Kuzyk himself is closing the gap.

Well, here’s the spin: New organic molecules that interact with light more strongly than any other materials could provide the template for new high-speed optical switches for telecommunications and data processing, according to an international team of researchers. The same compounds could also act as the basic units of optical memory systems and be used to produce high-density holograms.

Researchers from Washington State University (WSU), the University of Leuven in Belgium and the Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed and tested an entirely new class of chromophores. The chemists in China synthesised the compounds, which were then evaluated using theoretical calculations by scientists at WSU. The optical properties were then tested by the Belgian team. ‘To our great excitement, the molecules performed better than any other molecules ever measured,’ says WSU physicist Mark Kuzyk.

Read on…

Help with total synthetic spam

Diketone structureSpam comes in all shapes and forms, so I am always suspicious when two emails identical in content and with attachments arrive that purport to be from two different correspondents. However, two such messages arrived this morning one claiming to come from a Dr Suhasini Bhatnagar, the other from Aarif Khatri. Normally, I’d let my spam filter do its job and trash such messages, but my interest was piqued by the subject line, which read “help regarding synthesis”. Often spam arrives with two random words stuck together that are supposed to beat spam filters, but three is rare and even less frequent are subject lines that make logical sense and simultaneously are pertinent to my interests.

So, I read on…

This is what Dr Bhatnagar (and presumably his chemistry supervisor, Prof Khatri) had to say:

“I was looking for help regarding the organic synthesis of a compound…I am doing My DSc from Agra University and the first part of work lasting now for past 3 years was involving Bioinformatics and its now that i need to synthesise the organic diketone type of compound [4-(2,4-dioxopentyl)benzoic acid] and I do not know how. Can you please help me design a simple reaction wherein I can get a few grams of the compound. I have very very limited resources and also knowledge in the subject. Your help would be greatly appreciated.”

Now, it is too far in the dim and distant past when I last did a retrosynthetic analysis, so I’m going to duck out of taking up his offer, but I wondered whether any Sciencebase readers could shed any light on the relevance of this compound and whether or not a total synthesis would be readily accessible. Your comments may also enlighten me as to whether these emails were nothing more than an intricate social engineering endeavour and that I’ve been duped into responding in this way.

I hope not.