Green Laundry Detergents

Retailers and industry have tried to paint themselves green through the marketing of so-called “green” laundry detergents. The January 29 issue Chemical & Engineering News claims that this represents parties having “taken the leading role in a new effort by retailers and industry to market mainstream, environmentally friendly consumer products.”

The cleaning products industry has apparently embraced sustainability, with various innovations, including energy-efficient laundry detergents that work without hot water and other products that degrade once they go down the drain.

Report author Michael McCoy says that, “Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been a major catalyst in the green detergent revolution. Using its purchasing power as the world’s biggest retailer, Wal-Mart launched an environmental initiative last October to encourage its suppliers to manufacture more environmentally friendly laundry detergents. Laws and regulations in the United States and the European Union are giving industry additional regulatory incentive to go green with mainstream consumer products,” he adds.

A consideration that is missing from the notion that any laundry product can be “green” is the fact that even the most modern and efficient washing machines and dryers still use huge amounts of energy and vast amounts of water. There is nothing “green” about washing clothes, especially given the common western notion that one wear means an article of clothing is dirty and must be washed.

Now I’m not advocating a return to washboards, mangles, and a weekly bath in front of the hearth, but those in the developed world cannot possibly hope to be “green” as long as we’re using water and energy to wash and dry clothes. In many parts of the world (and coming to a town near you, any time soon) there are millions of people who live day to day with minimal water. An aboriginal Australian told me on a trip to the outback many years ago that he simply couldn’t understand why we’d waste water in such a way when it is such a precious commodity.

Nuclear assured destruction

Radiation damageAdvocates of nuclear power point to recent advances in waste storage materials that could allow the radioactive byproducts of the nuclear industry to be stored safely and indefinitely in ceramics rather than glass. Whereas those not in favour of splitting atoms to produce almost limitless energy point out that even vitrified nuclear waste will represent an ongoing problem for thousands of years.

Ceramics have come to the fore as an alternative storage medium. However, a recent study by researchers at Cambridge University and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory using NMR spectroscopy suggests that storing high-level nuclear waste (plutonium) without leakage over thousands of years might not be possible even with those materials. The NMR study reveals that alpha particles emitted by the plutonium, while only travelling a short distance through the ceramic wreak havoc with the ceramic’s structure and so could lead to long-term stability problems.

I spoke with Cambridge’s Ian Farnan about the research for the February 1 issue of the NMR channel on SpectroscopyNOW.com. He explained that silicon-29 NMR spin counting experiments on samples with activities greater than 4 GBq was used for the first time to demonstrate how decaying plutonium knocks atoms in the ceramic out of kilter. The findings do not preclude the use of zircon ceramics in the storage of radioactive waste but provides a stronger basis in long-term stability on which to make nuclear waste disposal decisions.

Icy blast from the past

Cerro HudsonWhat’s the connection between Antarctic ice, old volcanic eruptions and global warming? US researchers think they know.

Volcanic activity can have serious consequences for climate change as particles and gases spewed out by volcanoes enter the upper atmosphere and change its chemical balance altering how Solar radiation is absorbed or reflected. Now, French and US researchers have devised a technique for determining how past volcanic eruptions could have affected this delicate chemical balance. Their findings could reduce significantly the uncertainty in current models of global climate change and so provide more accurate predictions of future global temperatures.

Joël Savarino of the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the University of Grenoble in France together with colleagues at the University of California San Diego have reported the pattern of sulphur isotopes of volcanic fallout from past eruptions. They also determined how far into the upper atmosphere the volcanic material reached, and what chemical reactions might have occurred there.

More…

RFID for chemicals

RFID for moleculesA new type of radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor for gaseous molecules has been created based on a standard RFID tag coated with a chemically sensitive film at low cost. The use of multivariate analysis allows these new RFID sensors to be used to identify and quantify vapours important to industrial, in health, law enforcement, and of security applications.

Radislav Potyrailo and William Morris of the Materials Analysis and Chemical Sciences Technology at General Electric Global Research Center, in Niskayuna, New York, explain the benefits of their new technology in a forthcoming issue of the journal Analytical Chemistry. “Distributed sensor networks are critical for numerous applications such as monitoring of transport of pollution plumes across the perimeters of industrial plants, leak detection from storage tanks, health monitoring of buildings, large-area tracking of contamination sources in natural water supplies, and spatially resolved combinatorial screening of materials,” they explain.

More…

Analytical techniques clean up diesel

Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy could help diesel engine components manufacturers meet tough new emissions regulations, according to researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s High Temperature Materials Laboratory (HTML).

The techniques can provide detailed characterizations of materials and allow components to be tested for heat and stress effects more effectively as part of the industry’s preparation for new emissions mandates that come into effect in the US in 2007. Under the new laws, a 90% reduction of nitrogen oxide, NOx, and particulates from diesel vehicles will be required.

“Environmental Protection Agency regulations are pushing emissions control technology very hard,” explains Arvid Pasto, director of the HTML, “so that engine and emissions control equipment manufacturers require access to very sophisticated tools to develop this technology. Fortunately, our user facilities are well equipped to help them.”

Diesel engine-maker Cummins, for instance, has used HTML’s analytical capabilities to better understand the properties of materials used in exhaust after-treatment systems. In addition to studying how catalysts can be adversely affected by sulfur and other gaseous exhaust components, Cummins and HTML have worked together to characterize the fatigue life of cordierite diesel soot filters, which remove more than 98% of particulate emissions from diesel exhaust. These exhaust after-treatment devices are critical to meeting upcoming emissions requirements.

Another company Industrial Ceramic Solutions, of Knoxville, Tennessee, used HTML’s scanning electron microscope facility to analyse material being developed for ceramic-fibre diesel particulate exhaust filters. The original material did not function as well as competing products and had a tendency to crack. The tests revealed that the fabrication process was to blame and ICS has modified its process to improve the product.

‘The sophisticated electron microscopy at HTML allowed our small business to literally look inside of the ceramic fiber filter media at thousands of times magnification,’ said Richard Nixdorf, ICS president and CEO. ‘This information led ICS to solutions that eliminated micro-cracking and moved our filter-media strength far beyond what the diesel exhaust filter application demanded.

WEEE regulations

Electrical goodsThe environmental costs of dealing with waste products from old electrical goods will have to be met by the device manufacturers in Europe from July 2007.

Laying the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Regulations before Parliament, UK Science Minister Malcolm Wicks said:

“Electrical waste such as toasters, fridges and washing machines are a growing environmental problem here in the UK with over two million tonnes being dumped in landfill last year alone. There is currently no incentive for those that produce them to care about the life cycle of their products. These regulations will mean they can no longer shirk this responsibility.”

The new regulations were announced in the summer of 2006 to give businesses a decent run up to the deadline. Some producers are already factoring in recycling of their products into the design process, Wicks adds.

According to the DTI (Department of Trade & Industry), the regulations will:

  • Enable consumers to dispose of their electrical waste free of charge at accessible and appropriate places. Consumers will start to see changes from July 2007, with new signage at their local council refuse centres, in shops, and on new electrical products.
  • Give distributors the choice of how to meet their obligations under the Directive by either joining the Distributor Take-back Scheme (DTS) or by offering customers in-store take-back.
  • Allow existing relationships currently managing electrical waste to continue. This is consistent with the Government’s overall approach to regulation, which is to be as ‘light-touch’ as possible.
  • Enable any operator of a designated collection facility (DCF) to arrange with a producer compliance scheme (PCS) to have the electrical waste deposited at their site taken away for treatment and recycling by that PCS, free of charge.
  • Allow for and encourage the re-use of equipment after it has been discarded where possible.
  • Allows for the continued collection of old equipment at the same time of delivering new goods by retailers, and some producers.

Emerging environmental contaminants

Lake ContaminationMore than forty research papers highlight the effects of emerging contaminants on human health and the environment in the December 2006 issue of the journal Environmental Science & Technology, among their number are reports on nanoparticles, pharmaceuticals, disinfectant by-products, and fluorochemicals.

“It might be tempting to define emerging contaminants as one thing or following certain criteria but it’s not that simple,” says the journal’s guest editor Jennifer Field of Oregon State University. The following Spotlight editorial reveals some of the issues and diversity of materials studied as well as highlighting a significant technology that might allow decontamination for certain materials to be carried out. An audio summary from the journal’s editors is available as an mp3 download courtesy of ES&T.

Read the full article under Intute’s Spotlight

Catalyzing the hydrogen economy

In order to make biofuel production from biomass as efficient as possible it will be crucial to understand the underlying chemical mechanisms running the reactions. Researchers in Northern Ireland are using infra-red spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to get to the core of the problem.

Frederic Meunier of the CENTACAT research labs at Queen’s University Belfast and his colleagues like many other scientists expect hydrogen to be the currency of the hydrogen economy and that the mint will rely on effective and inexpensive catalysts to produce the gas from renewable resources, such as biomass. Meunier and his colleagues are investigating platinum and rhodium based catalysts used to line the hollows in porous alumina or cerium zirconate.

Get up to speed on the details in SpectroscopyNOW

Is the hydrogen economy going to solve our energy woes? What do you think?

Rusty nanoparticles and arsenic poisoning

A subject that I have returned to on several occasions is arsenic-contaminated drinking water. This insidious environmental disaster was first brought to light by Dipankar Chakraborti of the University of Jadavpur whom I interviewed for The Guardian in 1995. However, the problem has not gone away. Various research teams have looked at various solutions to the problem but Chakraborti emphasises that the issue is one of politics more than anything else.

Nevertheless, there are emerging, simple technologies that with the political will to implement them, may one make the arsenic contamination that is affecting hundreds of thousands if not millions of people across the Indian sub-continent a thing of the past.

The latest unexpected discovery that rusty nanoparticles are more magnetic than predicted may help.

Researchers at Rice University’s Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology (CBEN) have developed a low-cost technology that can extract arsenic from drinking water. The discovery could save millions of people from untold suffering across India, Bangladesh, and other developing countries where thousands of wells are poisoned by arsenic salts.

Find out more in Issue 60 of Reactive Reports.

Alternatives to animal testing

Despite the claims of extremist animal protesters, scientists do not in fact relish the use of animals in tests of new pharmaceutical and other chemical products and are continually searching for valid alternatives that might reduce the numbers of small mammals, for instance used in pesticide safety tests.

According to Jennifer Rohn writing in this week’s issue of Chemistry & Industry magazine, the thousands of test animals currently need for pesticide evaluation might be replaced by tricking ticks into setting up home on a faux cowhide. The hide, developed by Swiss researchers consists of a skin-like silicone membrane, complete with hair that rests over a layer of cow’s blood. The insects are so comfortable with the faux-cow that they set up home, mate and lay eggs.

Currently, some 10,000 animals are used annually to test new tick-fighting chemicals because pesticides to kill Lyme-disease carrying ticks and other insects are constantly being updated.

Thomas Kröber and Patrick Guerin at the University of Neuchâtel confirmed the effectiveness of their test bed using a standard tick pesticide, firponil, and observing central nervous system damage revealed by leg trembling in the ticks. They report details in the journal Pest Management Science.

Vicky Robinson, chief executive of the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, said: This research takes a simple idea and applies it to great effect, resulting in a potentially significant impact on animal use. Most importantly, it demonstrates that finding ways to reduce the use of animals in research and testing is as much about improving the science as it is about considering the welfare of animals.’

Obviously, the tick test avoids the need to test on rodents or other laboratory mammals, but it remains a devastating blow to tick lovers everywhere.