Collagen is a protein that plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure, firmness, and elasticity of the skin. As we age, several changes occur in the collagen of our skin, contributing to the visible signs of ageing, such as the appearance of wrinkles.
Here are some key aspects of how collagen changes with age:
Decreased Production: The synthesis of collagen decreases with age, leading to a reduction in the overall amount of collagen in the skin. This reduced production is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, such as sun exposure and lifestyle choices, like smoking and alcohol consumption. a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals, can have a positive impact on collagen production.
Degradation: Collagen fibres can undergo degradation due to various factors, including exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, pollution, and other environmental stressors. Enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in breaking down collagen. This is heightened by exposure to sunlight and pollution. Antioxidants from our diet can help combat the effects of environmental stressors on collagen degradation.
Cross-linking: Collagen fibres undergo a process called cross-linking, where they become more rigid and less flexible. This can result in the loss of skin elasticity and the formation of wrinkles and fine lines. Excessive cross-linking is often caused by factors like prolonged sun exposure.
Changes in Collagen Types: The composition of collagen in the skin changes with age. In particular, there is a shift from Type III collagen, more prevalent in younger skin, to Type I collagen. That said Type III might be considered to be less flexible providing greater support when we are young.
Thinning of the Dermis: Collagen is a major component of the dermis, the deeper layer of the skin. As collagen decreases, the dermis can thin, leading to a loss of structural support for the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). Other factors, such as a reduction in the number of fibroblasts (cells responsible for collagen production) and changes in the extracellular matrix, also contribute to dermal thinning. This also gives rise to a more translucent appearance of the skin and allows underlying blood vessels to be seen in the skin more clearly.
Loss of Hydration: Collagen is also involved in maintaining skin hydration. As collagen decreases, the skin may become drier, contributing to the development of wrinkles and a less plump appearance. That said, while collagen is involved in maintaining skin hydration, the primary role in this regard is played by another protein called hyaluronic acid. Collagen indirectly influences hydration by supporting the structure of the skin.
These changes in collagen contribute to common signs of ageing, such as wrinkles, sagging skin, and a loss of skin firmness. While ageing is a natural process, certain lifestyle choices, such as protecting the skin from sun exposure, staying hydrated, and adopting a healthy skincare routine, can help support collagen health and minimize premature ageing effects.